1. Chute J.P. Stem Cell homing. Current Opinion in Hematology 2006; 13: 399-406
2. Zlotnik A., Yoshie O. Chemokines: a new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity 2000; 12:121 -7
3. Rossi D., Zlotnik A. The biology of chemokines and their receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2000; 18: 217-42
4. Aiuti A., Webb IA, Bleul C^et al. The chemokine SDF-1 is a chemoattractant for human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and provides a new mechanism to explain the mobilization of CD34+ progenitors to peripheral blood. J. Exp. Med. 1997; 185:111 -20
5. Strieter R.M., Belperio J TV, Keane M.P. CXC chemokines in angiogenesis related to pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2000; 122: 298S-301S
6. Nishikawa S.I., Ogawa M., Nishikawa S. et al. В lymphopoiesis on stromal cell clone: stromal cell clones acting on different stages of В cell differentiation. Europ. J. Immunol. 1988; 18:1767-71
7. Bleul C.C., Farzan M.,Choe H. etal.The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature 1996; 382: 829-33
8. Zlotnik A., Yoshie O. Chemokines: a new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity 2000; 12:121 -7
9. Horuk R. Chemokine receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2001; 12: 313-35
10. Nagasawa Т., Hirota S., Tachibana K. et al. Defects of B-cell lymphopoiesis and bone-marrow myelopoiesis in mice lacking the CXC chemokine PBSF/SDF- 1. Nature 1996; 382: 635-8
11. Christensen J.L, Wright D.E., Wagers A.J., Weissman I.L. Circulation and Chemotaxis of Fetal Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Plos. Biol. 2004; 2:0368-77
12. Kijowski J., Baj M., Majka M. et al. The SDF-1 -CXCR4 axis stimulates VEGF secretion and activates integrins but does not affect proliferation and survival in lymphohematopoietic cells. Stem Cells 2001; 19: 453-66
13. Ratajczak M.Z., Kucia M., Reca R. et al. Stem Cell plasticity revisited: CXCR4-positive cells expressing mRNA for arly muscle, liver and neural cells «hide out» in the bone marrow. Leukemia 2004; 18: 29-40
14. Kucia M., Zhang Y.P., Wysoczynski M. et al. Cells enriched in markers of neural tissue-committed stem cells reside in the bone marrow and are mobilized into the peripheral blood following stroke. Leukemia 2006; 20[1): 18-28
15. Askari AT., Unzek S., Popovic Z.B. et al. Effect of stromal-cell-derived factor 1 on stem-cell homing and tissue regeneration in ischaemic cardiomyopathy. The Lancet 2003; 362: 697-703
16. Oberlin E., Amara A., Bachelerie F. et al. The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1. Nature 1996; 382: 833-5
17. Peled A., Petit I., Killet O. et al. Dependence of human stem cell engraftment and repopulation of NOD/SCID mice on CXCR4. Science 1999; 283: 845-8
18. Hirayama F., Yamaguchi M., Yano M. et al. Spontaneous and rapid reexpression of functional CXCR4 by human steady-state peripheral blood CD34+ cells. J. Hematol. 2003; 78: 48-55
19. Ratajczak M.Z., Majka M., Kucia M. etal. Expression of functional CXCR4 by muscle satellite cells and secretion of SDF-1 by muscle-derived fibroblasts is associated with the presence of both muscle progenitors in bone marrow and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in muscles. Stem Cells 2003; 21: 363-71
20. Pituch-Noworolska A., Majka M., Janowska-Wieczorek A. et al. Circulating CXCR4-positive stem/progenitor cells compete for SDF-1 -positive niches in bone marrow, muscle and neural tissues: an alternative hypothesis to stem cells plasticity. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 2003; 41:13-21
21. AraT., Nakamura Y., EgawaT. etal. Impaired colonization of the gonads by primordial germ cells in mice lacking a chemokine stromal cell-derived factor- 1 [SDF-1). Prac. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003; 100: 5319-23
22. Doitsidou M., Reichman-Fried M., Stebler J. et al. Guidance of primordial germ cell migration by the chemokine SDF-1. Cell 2002; 111: 647-59
23. Reiss K., Mentlein R., Sievers J., Hartmann D. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 is secreted by meningeal cells and acts as chemotactic factor on neuronal stem cells of the cerebellar external granular layer. Neurascience 2002; 115:295-305
24. Crane I.J., Wallace C.A., McKillop-Smith S., Forrester J.V. CXCR4 receptor expression on human retinal pigment epithelial cells from blood-retina barrier leads to chemokine secretion and migration in response to stromal cell- derived factor 1 a. J. Immunol. 2000; 165: 4372-8
25. Hatch H., Zheng D., Jorgensen M.L, Petersen B.E. SDF-1 a/CXCR4: a mechanism for hepatic oval cell activation and bone marrow stem cell recruitment to the injured liver of rats. Cloning Stem Cells 2002; 4: 339-51
26. Aiuti A., Webb I.J., Bleul С et al. The chemokine SDF-1 is a chemoattractant for human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and provides a new mechanism to explain the mobilization of CD34+ progenitors to peripheral blood. J. Exp. Med. 1997; 185:111 -20.
27. Bonavia R., Bajetto A., Barbera S. et al. Chemokines and their receptors in the CNS: expression of CXCL12/SDF-1 and CXCR4 and their rale in astrocyte proliferation. Toxicology Letters 2003; 139:181 -9
28. Wynn R.F., Hart C.A., Corradi-Perini С et al. A small proportion of mesenchymal stem cells strongly express functionally active CXCR4 receptor capable of promoting migration to bone marrow. Blood 2004; 104[9): 2643-5.
29. Muller A., Homey В., Soto H. et al. Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 2001; 410: 50-6
30. Cooper C.R., Chay C.H., Gendemalik J.D. et al. Stromal factors involved in prostate carcinoma metastasis to bone. Cancer 2003; 97: 739-47
31. Ellis W.J., Pfitzenmaier J., Colli J. et al. Detection and isolation of prostate cancer cells from peripheral blood and bone marrow. Urology 2003; 61:277-81
32. Petersen B.E., Bowen W.C., Patrene K.D. et al. Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science 1999; 284:1168-70
33. Libura J., Dmkala J., Majka M. et al. CXCR4-SDF-1 signaling is active in rhabdomyosarcoma cells and regulates locomotion, chemotaxis and adhesion. Blood 2002; 100: 2597-606
34. Geminder H., Sagi-Assif O., Goldberg L. et al. A possible rale for CXCR4 and its ligand the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 in the development of bone marrow metastasis in neurablastoma. J. Immunol. 2001; 167:4747-57
35. Hong X., Jiang F., Kalkanis S.N. et al. SDF-1 and CXCR4 are up-regulated by VEGF and contribute to glioma cell invasion. Cancer Letters 2005; 236[1): 1 -7
36. Zou Y., Kottmann A.H., Kuroda M. et al. Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopiesis and in cerebellar development. Nature 1998; 393: 595-9
37. Tachibana K., Hirata S., Lizasa H. et al. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract. Nature 1998; 393: 524-5
38. Wysoczynski M., Reca R., Ratajczak J. etal. Incorporation of CXCR4 into membrane lipid rafts primes homing-related responses of hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cells to an SDF-1 gradient. Blood 2005; 105: 40-8
39. Hecht I., Cahalon L, Hershkoviz R. et al. Heteralogous desensitization of T cell functions by CCR5 and CXCR4 ligands: inhibition of cellular signaling, adhesion and chemotaxis. Int. Immunol. 2003; 15: 29-38
40. Poznansky M.C., Olszak IT., Foxall R. et al. Active movement of T cells away from a chemokine. Nat. Med. 2000; 6: 543-8.
41. Peled A., Petit I., Kollet O. et al. Dependence of human stem cell engraftment and repopulation of NOD/SCID mice on CXCR4. Science 1999; 283: 845-8.
42. Voermans C, Gerritsen W.R., von dem Borne A.E. et al. Increased migration of cord blood-derived CD34+ cells, as compared to bone marrow and mobilized peripheral blood CD34+cells across uncoated or fibronectin coated filters. Exp. Hematol. 1999; 27:1806-14
43. Plett A., Frankovitz S.M., Wolber F. et al. Treatment of circulating CD34+ cells with SDF-1 у or anti-CXCR4 antibody enchances migration and NOD/SCID repopulating potential. Exp. Hematol. 2002; 30: 1061-9.
44. Sanz-Rodriguez F., Hidalgo A., Teixido J. Chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-16 modulates VLA-4 integrin-mediated multiple myeloma cell adhesion to CS-1 /fibronectin and VCAM-1. Blood 2001; 97: 346-51
45. Hidalgo A., Sanz-Rodriguez F., Rodriguez-Fernandez J.L. et al. Chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 б modulates VLA-4 integrindependent adhesion to fibronectin and VCAM-1 on bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells. Exp. Hematol. 2001; 29: 345-55
46. Lataillade J.J., Clay D., Dupuy С et al. Chemokine SDF-1 enhances circulating CD34+ cell proliferation in synergy with cytokines: possible role in progenitor survival. Blood 2000; 95: 756-68
47. Vila-Сого A. J.., Rodriguez-Frade J.M., De Ana A.M. et al. The chemokine SDF-1 б triggers CXCR4 receptor dimerization and activates the JAK/STAT pathway. FASEB J. 1999; 13:1699-710
48. Cheng Z.J., Zhao J., Sun Y. et al. Beta-arrestin differentially regulates the chemokine receptor CXCR4-mediated signaling and receptor intemalization, and this implicates multiple interaction sites between beta-arrestin and CXCR4. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 2479-85
49. Kucia M., Reca R., Miekus K., Wanzeck J. Trafficking of Normal Stem Cells and Metastasis of Cancer Stem Cells Involve Similar Mechanisms: Pivotal Role of the SDF-1 - CXCR4 Axis. Stem Cells 2005; 23: 879-94.
50. Ding Z., Issekutz T.B., Downey G.P. et al. L-selectin stimulation enhances functional expression of surface CXCR4 in lymphocytes: implications for cellular activation during adhesion and migration. Blood 2003; 101: 4245-52
51. Kijowski J., Baj-Krzyworzeka M., Majka M. et al. The SDF-1 -CXCR4 axis stimulates VEGF secretion and activates integrins but does not affect proliferation and survival in lymphohematopoietic cells. Stem Cells 2001; 19:453-66
52. Ganju R.K., Brubaker S.A., Meyer J. et al. The б-chemokine stromal cellderived factor-1 б binds to the transmembrane G-protein-coupled CXCR-4 receptor and activates multiple signal transduction pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273:23169-75.
53. Zhang X.F., Wang J.F., Matczak E. et al. Janus kinase 2 is involved in stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins and migration of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 2001; 97: 3342-8
54. Tilton В., Ho L, Oberlin E. et al. Signal transduction by CXC chemokine receptor 4. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 stimulates prolonged protein kinase В and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 activation in T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 2000:192:313-24
55. Wang J.F., Park I.W., Groopman J.E. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple focal adhesion proteins and induces migration of hematopoietic progenitor cells: roles of phosphoinositide-3 kinase and protein kinase С Blood 2000; 95: 2505-13
56. Libura J., Drukala J., Majka M. etal. CXCR4-SDF-1 signaling is active in rhabdomyosarcoma cells and regulates locomotion, chemotaxis, and adhesion. Blood 2002; 100: 2597-606
57. Majka M., Ratajczak J., Kowalska M.A. et al. Binding of stromal derived factor-1 alpha [SDF-1 alpha) to CXCR4 chemokine receptor in normal human megakaryoblasts but not in platelets induces phosphorylation of mitogenactivated protein kinase p42/44 [МАРК), ELK-1 transcription factor and serine/threonine kinase АКТ. Eur. J. Haematol. 2000; 64:164-72
58. Kremer K.N., Humphreys T.D., Kumar A. et al. Distinct Role of ZAP-70 and Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing Leukocyte Protein of 76 kDa in the Prolonged Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase by the Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 alpha/CXCL12 Chemokine. J. Immunol. 2003; 171:360-7
59. Bonig H., Pristley V.P., Papayannopoulou T. Hierarhy of molecular pathway usage in bone marrow homing and it's shift by cytokines. Article in press
60. Peled A, Kollet O, Ponomaryov T et al. The chemokine SDF-1 activates the integrins LFA-1, VLA-4, and VLA-5 on immature human CD34+ cells: role in transendothelial/stramal migration and engrafment of NOD/SCID mice. Blood 2000; 95: 3289-96
61. Reca R., Mastellos D., Majka M. et al. Functional receptor for C3a anaphylatoxin is expressed by normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, and C3a enhances their homing-related responses to SDF-1. Blood 2003; 101: 3784-93
62. Northwest Biotherapeutics www.nwbio.com
63. AnorMED Inc. http://www.anormed.com